Economic inequality is fueled by population scale, land-limited production, and settlement hierarchies across the archaeological record

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dc.creatorKohler, Timothy A.
dc.creatorBogaard, Amy
dc.creatorOrtman, Scott G.
dc.creatorCrema, Enrico R.
dc.creatorChirikure, Shadreck
dc.creatorCruz, Pablo
dc.creatorGreen, Adam S.
dc.creatorKerig, Tim
dc.creatorMcCoy, Mark D.
dc.creatorMunson, Jessica
dc.creatorPetrie, Cameron
dc.creatorThompson, Amy E.
dc.creatorBirch, Jennifer
dc.creatorCervantes Quequezana, Gabriela
dc.creatorFeinman, Gary
dc.creatorFochesato, Mattia
dc.creatorGronenborn, Detlef
dc.creatorHamerow, Helena
dc.creatorJin, Guiyun
dc.creatorLawrence, Dan
dc.creatorRoscoe, Paul B.
dc.creatorRosenstock, Eva
dc.creatorGrace, K. Erny
dc.creatorKim, Habeom
dc.creatorOhlrau, René
dc.creatorHanson, J. W.
dc.creatorFargher Navarro, Lane
dc.creatorPailes, Matthew
dc.date2025-04-14
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-25T20:20:42Z
dc.date.available2026-02-25T20:20:42Z
dc.descriptionDefining wealth broadly to include wealth in people, relational connections, and material possessions, we examine the prehistory of wealth inequality at the level of the residential units using the consistent proxy of Gini coefficients calculated across areas of contemporaneous residential units. In a sample of >1100 sites and >47,000 residential units spanning >10,000 years, persistent wealth inequality typically lags the onset of plant cultivation by more than a millennium. It accompanies landscape modifications and subsistence practices in which land (rather than labor) limits production, and growth of hierarchies of settlement size. Gini coefficients are markedly higher through time in settlements at or near the top of such hierarchies; settlements not enmeshed in these systems remain relatively egalitarian even long after plant and animal domestication. We infer that some households in top-ranked settlements were able to exploit the network effects, agglomeration opportunities, and (eventually) political leverage provided by these hierarchies more effectively than others, likely boosted by efficient inter-generational transmission of material resources after increased sedentism made that more common. Since population growth is associated with increased sedentism, more land-limited production, and the appearance and growth of settlement hierarchies, it is deeply implicated in the post-domestication rise of wealth inequality. Governance practices mediate the degree of wealth inequality, as do technical innovations such as the use of animals for portage, horseback riding, and the development of iron smelting.
dc.descriptionFil: Kohler, Timothy A.. Washington State University; Estados Unidos
dc.descriptionFil: Bogaard, Amy. University of Oxford; Reino Unido
dc.descriptionFil: Ortman, Scott G.. State University of Colorado at Boulder; Estados Unidos
dc.descriptionFil: Crema, Enrico R.. University of Cambridge; Reino Unido
dc.descriptionFil: Chirikure, Shadreck. University of Oxford; Reino Unido
dc.descriptionFil: Cruz, Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Unidad Ejecutora en Ciencias Sociales Regionales y Humanidades. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Unidad Ejecutora en Ciencias Sociales Regionales y Humanidades; Argentina
dc.descriptionFil: Green, Adam S.. University of York; Reino Unido
dc.descriptionFil: Kerig, Tim. Christian Albrechts Universitat Zu Kiel.; Alemania
dc.descriptionFil: McCoy, Mark D.. Florida State University; Estados Unidos
dc.descriptionFil: Munson, Jessica. Lycoming College; Estados Unidos
dc.descriptionFil: Petrie, Cameron. University of Cambridge; Reino Unido
dc.descriptionFil: Thompson, Amy E.. University of Texas at Austin; Estados Unidos
dc.descriptionFil: Birch, Jennifer. University of Georgia; Estados Unidos
dc.descriptionFil: Cervantes Quequezana, Gabriela. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos
dc.descriptionFil: Feinman, Gary. Field Museum Of Natural History; Estados Unidos
dc.descriptionFil: Fochesato, Mattia. Universita Bocconi; Italia
dc.descriptionFil: Gronenborn, Detlef. Romisch-germanisches Zentralmuseum; Alemania
dc.descriptionFil: Hamerow, Helena. University of Oxford; Reino Unido
dc.descriptionFil: Jin, Guiyun. Shandong University; China
dc.descriptionFil: Lawrence, Dan. University of Durham; Reino Unido
dc.descriptionFil: Roscoe, Paul B.. The University Of Maine (the University Of Maine);
dc.descriptionFil: Rosenstock, Eva. Rheinische Friedrich-wilhelms-universitat Bonn; Alemania
dc.descriptionFil: Grace, K. Erny. University of California at Berkeley; Estados Unidos
dc.descriptionFil: Kim, Habeom. No especifíca;
dc.descriptionFil: Ohlrau, René. Christian-albrechts-universität Zu Kiel; Alemania
dc.descriptionFil: Hanson, J. W.. University of Oxford; Reino Unido
dc.descriptionFil: Fargher Navarro, Lane. Ohio State University; Estados Unidos
dc.descriptionFil: Pailes, Matthew. Oklahoma State University; Estados Unidos
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.identifierhttp://hdl.handle.net/11336/267273
dc.identifierKohler, Timothy A.; Bogaard, Amy; Ortman, Scott G.; Crema, Enrico R.; Chirikure, Shadreck; et al.; Economic inequality is fueled by population scale, land-limited production, and settlement hierarchies across the archaeological record; National Academy of Sciences; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America; 122; 16; 14-4-2025; 1-12
dc.identifier0027-8424
dc.identifier1091-6490
dc.identifierCONICET Digital
dc.identifierCONICET
dc.identifier.urihttps://ri.unju.edu.ar/handle/123456789/170
dc.languageeng
dc.publisherNational Academy of Sciences
dc.relationinfo:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1073/pnas.2400691122
dc.relationinfo:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/url/https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2400691122
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rightshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ar/
dc.subjectINEQUALITY
dc.subjectPREHISTORY
dc.subjectASIA
dc.subjectEUROPE
dc.subjectAMERICAS
dc.subjecthttps://purl.org/becyt/ford/6.1
dc.subjecthttps://purl.org/becyt/ford/6
dc.titleEconomic inequality is fueled by population scale, land-limited production, and settlement hierarchies across the archaeological record
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.typeinfo:ar-repo/semantics/artículo
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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